The Earth's interior is a dramatic journey of rising temperatures, stretching from the cool crust to a scorching core. Understanding these layers helps explain the forces shaping our planet.
The Crust
The Earth's crust is relatively cool. Surface temperatures range from -90°C in Antarctica to +70°C in deserts. Below ground, the temperature rises by about 25–30°C per kilometer.
For context, the deepest humans have ever dug is the Kola Superdeep Borehole in Russia, reaching 12.3 kilometers down — barely scratching the surface, since Earth's radius is about 6,371 kilometers. They could not go beyond that depth as the heat reached unbearable, upto 180 degree celsius. Deepest ocean bottom, Mariana Trench, is just 10km deep.
The Mantle
Beneath the crust lies the mantle, reaching down to about 2,900 kilometers. Temperatures here start around 500°C to 900°C in the upper mantle and rise to about 4,000°C near the base.
To compare, the deepest part of the ocean, the Mariana Trench, is only about 11 kilometers deep — again, tiny compared to the mantle's vast depth.
The Outer Core
Below the mantle is the molten outer core, a sea of liquid iron and nickel. Temperatures here range from 4,000°C to 6,000°C. The movement of this metal ocean generates Earth's magnetic field.
The Inner Core
At the very center lies the solid inner core, despite temperatures estimated between 5,000°C and 6,500°C — similar to the surface of the Sun. Immense pressure, over 3 million times atmospheric pressure, keeps it solid.
Just a food for thought
If you dig a 10 km hole into the Earth's crust, the temperature would typically reach around 250°C to 300°C — depending on local geothermal gradient (about 25–30°C increase per kilometer).
In contrast, at the bottom of the Challenger Deep (also about 10–11 km deep underwater), the temperature stays near 1–4°C because ocean water is cold, and water efficiently transfers and maintains low temperatures, unlike solid rock.
Feature | 10 km into Earth's Crust | 10 km Deep in Ocean (Challenger Deep) |
---|---|---|
Medium | Solid rock | Water |
Temperature | ~250°C to 300°C | ~1°C to 4°C |
Pressure | ~300 times atmospheric pressure | ~1,100 times atmospheric pressure |
Environment | Extremely hot, dry or molten in places | Extremely cold, dark, high salinity |
Human Access | Impossible without extreme cooling and engineering | Only possible with deep-sea submersibles |