Refugee and Geopolitics

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... iv
List of Diagrams .............................................................................................................. v
List of Table .................................................................................................................... vi
1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of the research problem ............................................................................. 3
1.3. Research objectives ................................................................................................... 6
1.4. Methodology ............................................................................................................. 7
1.5. Scope ........................................................................................................................ 9
2. Review of literature .................................................................................................... 10
2.2. State interests and refugee protection ....................................................................... 12
2.3. Refugee regime in non-signatory States ................................................................... 15
2.4. The regional geopolitics and its influence on the refugees........................................ 17
3. Historical, political treatment of the refugees .............................................................. 20
3.1. The Bhutanese refugees ........................................................................................... 21
3.1.1. The flight.............................................................................................................. 21
3.1.2. The trap ................................................................................................................ 23
3.1.3. The bilateral talks ................................................................................................. 24
3.2. The Tibetan refugees ............................................................................................... 27
3.2.1. The early exodus and the armed rebellion ............................................................. 27
3.2.2. The gentleman’s agreement .................................................................................. 29
3.2.3. Changed US policy and the impact of Tibetan refugees in Nepal .......................... 31
3.2.4. The Indian influence ............................................................................................. 33 viii


4. Treatment of the refugees in terms of locating durable solutions ................................. 36
4.1. Durable solutions to the Bhutanese refugees ............................................................ 37
4.1.1. Locating resettlement as the ‘durable solution’ ..................................................... 37
4.1.2. The Indian influence ............................................................................................. 39
4.1.3. US influence in changing Nepal’s policy towards the Bhutanese refugees ............ 41
4.1.4. Information campaign as method of influencing resettlement ............................... 43
4.1.5. Concern for security in the refugee camps ............................................................ 45
4.2. Whither durable solution to the Tibetan refugees? ................................................... 48
4.2.1. Eligibility of Tibetan refugees for resettlement ..................................................... 49
4.2.2. The US role .......................................................................................................... 51
4.2.3. Indian role ............................................................................................................ 52
4.2.4. Comparing with the Bhutanese ............................................................................. 54
5. Findings ..................................................................................................................... 56
5.1. Nepal as passive recipient of external influence ....................................................... 56
5.2. US and India as key players in Nepal ....................................................................... 56
5.3. US-India collaboration on refugee issues in Nepal ................................................... 57
5.4. Persistent differential treatments to refugees ............................................................ 58
5.5. US foreign policy shift affected treatment of refugees ............................................. 60
5.6. US, Indian refugees policy operated on two levels ................................................... 60
5.7. Continued vitality of States’ self-interest as motivating factor ................................. 61
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 65
ANNEDIX 1 .................................................................................................................. 84

BIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 85

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